1. Material Composition and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Mechanism
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core covered by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically bonded core-shell architecture.
The steel core, commonly low-carbon or stainless-steel, provides mechanical toughness with tensile staminas going beyond 2000 MPa, while the copper finishing– normally 2– 10% of the total diameter– imparts outstanding electric and thermal conductivity.
The user interface between steel and copper is crucial for performance; it is engineered with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to ensure strong bond and marginal interdiffusion under functional anxieties.
Electroplating is one of the most typical method, supplying accurate density control and consistent coverage on continuous steel filaments attracted with copper sulfate baths.
Appropriate surface pretreatment of the steel, consisting of cleaning, pickling, and activation, ensures ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, preventing delamination during succeeding processing or service.
Gradually and at raised temperature levels, interdiffusion can form weak iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which might endanger adaptability and long-lasting integrity– an obstacle minimized by diffusion obstacles or quick handling.
1.2 Physical and Useful Quality
CCSFs integrate the best qualities of both basic metals: the high elastic modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the premium conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity generally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), depending on coating thickness and purity, making CCSF considerably much more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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