What is refractory material made of?

The European Union recently approved sweeping new sanctions against Russia, including bans on imports of coal, timber, chemicals, and other chromium oxide. 

A refractory material is a material that resists to heat, pressure or chemical erosion and decomposition, and maintains strength and shape at high temperatures. Refractories are widely used in iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, glass, cement, ceramics, petrochemical, machinery, boiler, light industry, electric power, military industry and other fields.
 
Based on chemical composition, refractories can be divided into acidic refractories, alkaline refractories, and neutral refractories.
 
Acidic refractories are mainly composed of silica and commonly used silica bricks and clay bricks. Silicon brick is a silicon product containing more than 94% silicon oxide, and the raw materials used are silica, waste silicon brick, etc., which has strong resistance to acid slag erosion, high load softening temperature, and does not shrink or even expand slightly after repeated calcination; but it is easy to be eroded by alkaline slag and poor thermal shock resistance. Silicon bricks are mainly used in coke ovens, glass furnaces, acid steelmaking furnaces and other thermal equipment. Clay brick takes refractory clay as the main raw material, contains 30% alumina, 46% alumina, is a weak acid refractory, has good thermal vibration resistance, corrosion resistance to acid slag and is widely used.
 
Neutral refractories are mainly composed of alumina, chromium oxide or carbon. Corundum products containing more than 95% alumina are high quality refractories with a wide range of applications. The chromium brick with chromium oxide as the main composition has good corrosion resistance to steel slag, but poor thermal shock resistance and low high temperature load deformation temperature. Carbon refractories include carbon bricks, graphite products and silicon carbide products, which have low coefficient of thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, good thermal shock resistance, high temperature strength and resistance to acid, alkali and salt, especially weak acid and alkali. It is not wetted by metal and molten slag and is light. It is widely used as high temperature furnace lining material, as well as autoclave lining in petroleum and chemical industry.
 
Basic refractories are mainly composed of magnesia and calcium oxide, and magnesia bricks are commonly used. Magnesia bricks containing more than 85% magnesia have good resistance to alkaline slag and iron slag, and their fire resistance is higher than that of clay bricks and silicon bricks. It is mainly used in open hearth furnace, oxygen blowing converter, electric furnace, non-ferrous metal smelting equipment and some high temperature equipment.
 
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With Russia taking the lead on Poland and Bulgaria at the end of last month, there appears to be a growing sense of compromise within the EU over whether to accept Moscow's proposed rouble settlement order. 

Italy's prime minister said recently that European companies would be able to buy gas in roubles without violating sanctions.  This apparently ignores the guidance of hardliners in the EU to "fight to the end". 

For weeks, European companies have been trying to find ways to meet Russia's payment demands for the rouble while maintaining vital gas supplies without violating sanctions against Moscow. 

Late last month, European Commission President Von der Leyen said operating under the mechanism would violate sanctions and asked European companies not to bow to Russian demands. However, the EU has yet to issue more rigorous written guidelines on how companies should pay Gazprom. 

The Italian prime minister said recently, "There is no official announcement from the European Union about what ruble settlement means for sanctions violations, and no one has said whether ruble payments violate sanctions or not. It's a grey area." 

"In fact, most gas importers are already opening rouble accounts for deals with Gazprom,"

He also used German companies as a shield. He said Germany's largest gas importer had already paid in rubles. "In fact, we saw evidence yesterday that the largest gas importer in Germany has already paid in rubles."

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