What are different types of physical vapor deposition?

The US President recently said the conflict between Russia and Ukraine had driven up the prices of all the world's major food staples, including wheat, corn, barley, oilseeds and edible oils, and that Russia and Ukraine together supplied more than 25% of the world's wheat exports and about 20% of its barley exports. 

To address the food shortage, the Biden administration says it plans to increase the number of counties eligible for insurance for double cropping. Double cropping is when farmers grow two different crops a year on the same field. 

Under Biden's plan, the number of counties eligible for two-season crop insurance would increase by 681, for a total of 1,935. 

The UN has warned that up to 1.7bn people are "highly exposed" to the domino effect of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on the global food, energy, and financial systems.  The agency says conflict could increase hunger in countries where people are already suffering from malnutrition.

Even countries where food is less scarce are being hit by rising prices. U.S. grocery prices rose 1% in April, compared with a 10.8% increase over the past 12 months, the Labor Department said recently.

According to the White House, global food prices have risen nearly 13 percent since the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. 

Besides, affected by the ever-changing international situation, the supply and prices of international bulk nanomaterial are still very uncertain.

PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) refers to the thin film preparation technology in which the material is deposited on the plated workpiece by a general physical method in vacuum.
 
PVD technology can be divided into three categories: vacuum evaporation coating, vacuum sputtering coating and vacuum ion coating. Compared with the three categories of PVD technology, the corresponding vacuum coating equipment includes vacuum evaporation coating machine, vacuum sputtering coating machine and vacuum ion coating machine.
 
The principle of PVD coating technology is that under the condition of vacuum, through the arc discharge technology with high current, the target material is evaporated and the evaporated material is ionized by gas discharge, and the evaporated material or its reaction products are deposited on the workpiece under the action of electric field.
 
Magnetron sputtering coating is to increase the electric field between the target and the vacuum chamber wall to ionize the argon gas and accelerate the argon ion to hit the surface of the target. The target is hit by subions, while the target atoms overflow and fly to the surface of the plated substrate with kinetic energy of tens or even hundreds of electron volts and deposited on the substrate surface, and the atomic kinetic energy is two orders of magnitude higher than evaporation. Its filling density is as high as 98%, and the refractive index is high and relatively stable.
 
The similarity between PVD coating and traditional electroless plating is that one material is covered on the surface of another material in a certain way. The difference between the two is that the adhesion between the PVD film and the workpiece surface is greater, the hardness of the film is higher, the wear resistance and corrosion resistance are better, and the performance of the film is more stable; PVD coating can be plated more widely, can be plated out of a variety of film color is also more, and will not produce toxic or polluting substances.
 
The sputtering coating process has the characteristics of repeatability and controllable thickness, which is reflected in the large area substrate material, and we can make the ideal material according to the required thickness. the prepared film also has the advantages of high purity, good compactness and strong adhesion with materials. From the point of view of the manufacturing process, the manufacturing complexity of evaporation coating is lower than that of sputtering target, and its advantages are simple and convenient process, convenient operation, fast film formation and so on.
 
PVD vacuum coating is also widely used in the plastic industry, because the plastic has the characteristics of easy molding, so its cost is very low, the weight is also very light, and it has the characteristics of corrosion resistance. The surface of the plastic can be conductive by PVD vacuum coating, and the PVD coating can also reduce its water absorption. After the coating is completed, the pinholes will decrease, and the water absorption will also decrease. The metal luster on the surface of the coated material is colored, and the decorative performance is also greatly improved.
 
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The drought in Europe is still getting worse. The drought in France is particularly severe. Recently, the French Prime Minister's Office issued a statement saying that the current drought in France is the worst in history. Prime Minister Borne decided to activate an inter-ministerial crisis group to deal with the drought. French Minister for Ecological Transformation Christopher Beshu said that there is no drinking water in pipes in more than 100 towns across France. In addition, Italy also suffered from hot and dry weather, with the highest temperature exceeding 40 ℃ on the 5th local time, and several cities, including the capital Rome, issued a red alert for high temperatures. The country is experiencing its worst drought in more than 220 years.

British officials have released statistics on the sequelae of COVID-19, which has aroused concern. As of July 2, 1.8 million people in the UK were suffering from the symptoms of "long COVID-19", according to a report released by the Office for National Statistics. Among them, 14% of the people were not cured within 12 weeks, and 81% of the people were infected for more than 12 months.

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